题目性质:自编仿真题——题目、材料、选项、数据与情境均为按课程标准与联招常见考点独立编写的原创仿真题,非真题原文,未取自任何题库、教辅或试卷;解析与采分点为教研整理,非官方评分标准。
一、考点定位与做题顺序
这类空的第一步永远是回到上文,把被比较或被回指的两项找出来并编号:先出现的是 the former,后出现的是 the latter;顺序一错,后面全错。第二步看空的句法位置:是作主语/宾语(需名词性替代)、修饰名词(such / the same + n.),还是替代整个分句(so / do so)。
四组硬规则:① the former … the latter … 只能用于明确两项;三项以上用 the first / the last。② such 作限定词时接名词(such a rule / such rules),作代词时可单用;the same 强调「同一/相同」,常与 as 连用。③ so 可替代整个前文分句(I think so、if so),也可在 do so 中替代动词短语。④ similarly / likewise 是比较性连接副词,常需逗号或分号,不指具体名词。下面短文为自编示意文本。
二、逐题精讲
题1
题1 五空完形
自编说明短文:Two plans were put forward: a longer opening hour and a second reading room. (1) costs little but helps only late users; (2) serves everyone but needs a new space. The committee discussed (3) a proposal for weeks and finally dropped it. Members who still wanted (4) arrangement were asked to write it down. One tutor said the timetable would have to change, and the minutes recorded (5).
(1) A. The latter B. The former C. Such D. The same
(2) A. The former B. The latter C. So D. Similarly
(3) A. so B. such C. the same D. similarly
(4) A. so B. such a C. the same D. the latter
(5) A. such B. the former C. so D. the same
解析
先编号:① a longer opening hour(延长开放时间);② a second reading room(第二间阅览室)。(1) B. The former。「花费很少、但只帮到晚间使用者」显然对应①延长开放时间,是先出现的那一项,用 The former。The latter 会指到需要新场地的第二间阅览室,与 costs little 矛盾。
(2) B. The latter。「服务所有人但需要新空间」对应②,用 The latter。与 (1) 正好成对,这是本题的设计点。
(3) B. such。「讨论了这样一项提案好几周」,空格后是单数可数名词 a proposal,需限定词 such + a + n.;so 修饰形容词/副词不直接修饰名词(so a proposal 不合语法),the same 需有明确同一对象,similarly 是副词不能作限定词。写成 such a proposal 才完整,题干已给出 a proposal,故选 such。
(4) C. the same。「仍想要同样的安排的人」,与前文已提到的安排「相同」,用 the same(后接 arrangement)。such a 会变成「这样一种安排」而非「同一安排」;so 与 the latter 在此不合句法。
(5) C. so。导师说「时间表得改」,会议记录记下了这一整句内容——so 替代整个前文分句(recorded so = recorded that the timetable would have to change)。such 不替代整句,the former 指回两项提案(此处无关),the same 需比较对象。
整段回译:有人提出两个方案:延长开放时间,和增设第二间阅览室。前者花费很小,但只帮到晚间使用者;后者服务所有人,却需要新场地。委员会把这样一项提案讨论了好几周,最后搁置了它。仍希望保留同样安排的人被请去把意见写下来。一位导师说时间表必须改动,会议记录把这句话记了下来。
答案 (1) B The former (2) B The latter (3) B such (4) C the same (5) C so
采分点 每空 1 分(选对 0.5 分、写出回指对象或句法依据 0.5 分);正确给两项编号 1 分;指出 (3) 的 such + a + n. 结构 1 分;整段回译 1 分。
易错点 把 (1)(2) 的 former/latter 对调(没回上文编号,凭「后者听起来更省」猜);把 (3) 写成 so a proposal(so 不修饰名词);把 (4) 写成 such a(「这样」≠「同一」);把 (5) 写成 such(so 才替代整句)。
题2
题2 两物回指与 so 替代配对(辨析)
用 the former / the latter / such / so / the same / similarly 六词各填一次,并说明依据:
(a) Speed and accuracy were both measured; __ improved markedly, while __ stayed flat.
(b) No __ change had been expected. / (c) The second run gave __ result as the first.
(d) "Will the deadline move?" — "I believe __."
(e) Group A kept a log; __, Group B recorded every session.
另:改错 Three options were listed; the former was cheap and the latter was fast.
解析
(a) the former → Speed;the latter → accuracy:两项按顺序编号,先 speed 后 accuracy。填 the former improved markedly, while the latter stayed flat。依据写「先出现/后出现」即可。(b) such:No such change had been expected. such 作限定词修饰名词 change;注意 no such + 单数名词不加冠词(不说 no such a change)。
(c) the same:the same result as the first,the same … as … 是固定搭配,表「与…相同」。
(d) so:I believe so. so 替代整个问句所表达的分句(=I believe the deadline will move);否定形式为 I believe not / I don't believe so,可顺带写。
(e) similarly:连接副词,表「同样地」,比较两组做法;位置在句首且用逗号/分号与前文隔开,不指具体名词。
改错:Three options 是三项,the former / the latter 只能用于两项。改为 Three options were listed; the first was cheap and the last was fast.(或 the first…the second…the third 分别列出)。要写出「former/latter 限两项」这条依据,只换词不给满分。
答案 (a) the former(speed) / the latter(accuracy);(b) such;(c) the same … as;(d) so;(e) similarly;改错:三项不能用 former/latter,改 the first / the last。
采分点 六空各 1 分(填对+依据);no such 不加冠词 1 分;the same…as 搭配 1 分;so 替代整句说明 1 分;改错 1 分+「限两项」依据 1 分。
易错点 (a) 把速度/准确度编号弄反;(b) 写成 no such a change;(c) 漏掉 as;(d) 写成 I believe it(it 指物不指整句);(e) 把 similarly 当形容词修饰名词;改错只改成 the first 仍保留 the latter。
三、规律小结与对照表
| 词/结构 | 回指或替代对象 | 句法位置 |
|---|---|---|
| the former / the latter | 明确两项中的先者 / 后者 | 作主语或宾语,常成对出现 |
| the first / the last | 三项及以上 | 序数式列举 |
| such (a) + n. | 「这样的」某类事物 | 限定词,no such 后不加冠词 |
| the same … as … | 与前文「相同/同一」 | 限定词或代词 |
| so / do so | 替代整个分句或动词短语 | I think so;if so;recorded so |
| similarly / likewise | 比较性连接,不指具体名词 | 句首副词,常用逗号或分号 |
| 常见误用 | 三项用 former/latter | 须改 first/last |
这类空只需要一个动作:回到上文,把被比较的两项圈出来标 ①②,再问「空格要的是名词性替代、限定词,还是整句替代」。former/latter 限两项、such 修饰名词、so 替代整句——三条一卡,选项基本就定了。本文短文、选项与情境均为原创自编示意内容。
四、自测清单
- 先给上文出现的两项编号,再判 former / latter
- 见三项及以上立即排除 former/latter,改 first/last
- such + (a) + 名词;no such 后不加冠词
- the same 常与 as 搭配,别漏介词
- so 替代整个分句(think so / if so / recorded so),it 只指物
- similarly 是句首连接副词,不修饰名词;填完连读检查标点