题目性质：自编仿真题——题目、材料、选项、数据与情境均为按课程标准与联招常见考点独立编写的原创仿真题，非真题原文，未取自任何题库、教辅或试卷；解析与采分点为教研整理，非官方评分标准。
一、考点定位与做题顺序
说明文里施动者常常不重要或不必点明：谁把它叫作这个名字、谁测的、谁这么认为，都可以隐去。于是被动语态与形式主语结构就成了语体的标志。判断这类空，先问一句：这一句是在陈述「事物本身如何」，还是在叙述「某人做了什么」？前者用被动/客观化，后者才用主动。
四组搭配要背清：① be known as + 名称、be referred to as + 名称（后者别漏 as）；② be composed of / consist of / be made up of（consist of 无被动）；③ It is believed / thought / estimated that… 与 be believed to do 两种客观化句式；④ be measured in + 单位、be expressed as + 形式。下面短文为自编示意文本，术语为自编概念。
二、逐题精讲
题1
题1 五空完形
自编科普短文：The thin layer on the sample (1) the "film" in our handbook. It (2) three bands, each only a few micrometres thick. (3) that the bands form in a fixed order, though the cause is still under study. Thickness (4) micrometres, and the result is usually (5) a ratio rather than an absolute number.
(1) A. known as B. is known as C. refers D. calling
(2) A. is composed of B. composes of C. is consisting of D. consists
(3) A. It is believed B. People believe C. Believing D. It believes
(4) A. measures in B. is measured in C. measured D. is measuring in
(5) A. expressed as B. expressing as C. expressed D. expresses as
解析
全篇语体判定：介绍样品薄层的名称、构成、通行的看法与计量方式，施动者一律隐去，故五空几乎全取被动或客观化结构。(1) B. is known as。「这层薄膜被称作『膜』」，需be + 过去分词 + as；A 缺 be 动词，C 若用 refers 须写 refers to 且主语应是「术语」而非「薄层」，D 现在分词不能单独作谓语。注意主语是事物（the thin layer），不是术语本身，所以不用 refer to。
(2) A. is composed of。「它由三条带构成」。compose 用被动 be composed of；consist of 没有被动式（C 错），也不能写成 composes of（B 错，主动语态会把「它」当成构成别的东西的主体）；D 缺 of。「consist of 无被动」是本题最典型的设点。
(3) A. It is believed。It is believed that… 是客观化形式主语结构，与后半句「原因仍在研究中」的克制语气一致。People believe 是主动、把施动者点明，语体不符（虽语法可通，但在说明文里不是最佳项）；It believes 逻辑不通（it 不能「相信」）；Believing 不能引导主句。
(4) B. is measured in。「厚度以微米计量」，thickness 是被计量的对象，须被动 + 介词 in + 单位。measures in 主动会把「厚度」当成测量者；measured 缺 be；is measuring in 时态与语态都不对。
(5) A. expressed as。「结果通常被表示为一个比值」，is (usually) expressed as，题干已有 is，故选过去分词 + as。expressing as 主动且语义反了；expressed 缺 as（「表示为…」必须有 as）；expresses as 主动语态不合。
整段回译：样品上的这层薄膜在手册中被称作「膜」。它由三条带构成，每条只有几微米厚。一般认为这些带按固定顺序形成，不过成因仍在研究中。厚度以微米计量，结果通常表示为一个比值，而不是绝对数值。
答案 (1) B is known as (2) A is composed of (3) A It is believed (4) B is measured in (5) A expressed as
采分点 每空 1 分（选对 0.5 分、写出语态或搭配依据 0.5 分）；指出 (2) 的 consist of 无被动 1 分；指出 (3) 的语体一致性 1 分；整段回译 1 分。
易错点 (1) 漏 be 动词写成 known as；把事物与术语搞混而误用 refer to；(2) 写成 is consisted of（consist 无被动）；(3) 选 People believe（语法可通但语体不符）；(4) 用主动 measures in；(5) 漏 as 或写成 expressing。
题2
题2 主动/被动改写与客观化措辞（辨析）
(1) 把下列主动句改写为客观化表述，每句用指定的结构：
(a) People call the thin layer a "film". → 用 be known as
(b) Researchers estimate the bands form in a fixed order. → 用 It is estimated that
(c) We express the result as a ratio. → 用 be expressed as
(2) 判断三句正误并改正：The film is consisted of three bands. / The term is referred to the film. / It is believed the bands forming in order.
(3) 说明说明文偏好被动与客观化表述的两条原因。
解析
(1)(a) The thin layer is known as the "film".（施动者 People 隐去，事物作主语）
(b) It is estimated that the bands form in a fixed order.（形式主语 + that 从句；注意从句用谓语动词 form，不是 forming）
(c) The result is expressed as a ratio.（宾语提前作主语，be + 过去分词 + as）
(2) 三句全错，逐句改：
① consist of 无被动、无进行 → The film consists of three bands. 或 The film is composed of three bands.（两个改法都对，写「consist of 不用于被动」这一依据才给满分）。
② 术语作主语表「指的是」时 refer to 不用被动 → The term refers to the film. 若保留被动须换结构：The thin layer is referred to as the "film".（注意 as 不能漏）。
③ It is believed that + 完整从句，从句须有谓语动词 → It is believed that the bands form in a fixed order. 或改用不定式结构 The bands are believed to form in a fixed order. 两种改法都成立，写清「that 后必须是句子」即可。
(3) 两条原因：① 施动者不重要或不明确——说明的是事物本身的属性、构成与计量，谁命名、谁测量并不影响信息，隐去后句子更简洁；② 语气更客观、可复核——被动与 It is believed / estimated that 把判断表述为「通行看法/估计」而非个人断言，与后文「成因仍在研究中」这类留余地的措辞一致，避免把未定结论说死。补一句对照：若换成 People believe…，读者的注意力会落到「谁这么认为」，反而削弱了说明对象本身——这正是语体一致的意义。
答案 (1) 三句改写见解析；(2) ①consist of 无被动，改 consists of / is composed of；②refer to 作「指称」不被动，改 refers to 或 is referred to as；③that 后须完整从句，改 that the bands form… / are believed to form…；(3) 施动者不重要、语气客观可留余地。
采分点 三句改写各 1 分；三句判定各 0.5 分；三句改正各 1 分；三句依据各 1 分；(3) 两条原因各 2 分；与主动句对照 1 分。
易错点 (1b) 写成 It is estimated that the bands forming…（从句缺谓语）；(2)① 只把 is 去掉却仍写 consisted；(2)② 补 to 却保留被动；(2)③ 只加 that 不改 forming；(3) 只答「更正式」不落到施动者与语气两层。
三、规律小结与对照表
| 结构 | 用法 | 易错点 |
|---|---|---|
| be known as + 名称 | 事物作主语，被称作 | 漏 be；与 refer to 主语混淆 |
| be referred to as + 名称 | 被称作（含 as） | 漏 as；术语作主语不被动 |
| be composed of / be made up of | 由…构成（被动） | composes of 错 |
| consist of | 由…构成（无被动、无进行） | is consisted of 错 |
| It is believed / estimated that… | that 后接完整从句 | that + doing 错 |
| be believed to do | 主语 + be believed + 不定式 | 与 that 结构混用 |
| be measured in + 单位 | 被以…计量 | 主动 measures in 错 |
| be expressed as + 形式 | 被表示为 | 漏 as |
| 语体一致 | 说明文隐去施动者、留余地 | People believe 语法可通但语体不符 |
说明文设空只要先问一句「这句是在说事物本身，还是在说谁做了什么」，语态基本就定了。再卡四条搭配：consist of 无被动、refer to 作指称不被动、be known/referred to as 不漏 as、It is believed that + 完整句子。本文短文、术语、选项与解析均为原创自编示意内容，术语为自编概念。
四、自测清单
- 先判语体：施动者是否隐去、是否为说明性陈述
- 事物作主语用被动；术语作主语表「指称」用 refer to 主动
- 把 consist of / belong to / happen 这类无被动词单独记牢
- be known as / be referred to as / be expressed as，三个 as 都不能漏
- It is believed that 后必须是完整从句（有谓语）
- 填完通读全段，检查有没有突然冒出 People / We 破坏客观语气
