题目性质:自编仿真题——题目、材料、选项、数据与情境均为按课程标准与联招常见考点独立编写的原创仿真题,非真题原文,未取自任何题库、教辅或试卷;解析与采分点为教研整理,非官方评分标准。
一、考点定位与做题顺序
短语动词的难点不在动词本身,而在那颗小品词。set up(搭建/成立)与 set off(出发/引发)、turn out(结果是)与 turn away(拒之门外),只差一个词,方向就反了。完形偏爱在这里设空,因为它同时考语义和语篇:单看本句常常两个都说得通,必须回到上下文找「后来发生了什么」。
还有一条硬语法:代词宾语必须居中(turn it down ✓,turn down it ✗);名词宾语可中可后(turn the offer down / turn down the offer 都对)。做题四步:先定动词 → 再定小品词的方向义(up 成立/完成、off 离开/中断、out 显露/耗尽、away 去除/离开、into 进入/转化、through 贯穿/完成)→ 回读下文验证结果 → 检查宾语位置。下面短文为自编示意文本。
二、逐题精讲
题1
题1 六空完形(每空四选一)
自编短文:Last spring our neighbourhood library decided to (1) ____ a small repair group for its oldest books. A retired binder, Ms Iver, offered to show us how to (2) ____ loose pages without damaging the spines. At first only six people (3) ____, but the number soon grew. We had to (4) ____ the torn covers that could not be saved, and we (5) ____ an old cupboard (6) ____ a drying cabinet. By autumn the group had (7) ____ three hundred volumes. Oddly, the project (8) ____ to need more patience than skill, and that was the lesson we kept.
(1) A. set up B. set off C. set out D. set away
(2) A. turn in B. turn back C. turn over D. turn down
(3) A. turned up B. turned off C. turned away D. turned into
(4) A. throw off B. throw away C. throw out of D. throw into
(5) A. turned B. made C. kept D. got
(6) A. into B. in C. onto D. out of
(7) A. got through B. got off C. got away D. got up
(8) A. turned out B. turned up C. turned off D. turned away
说明:第(5)(6)空同处一句,合起来考「动词+宾语+小品词」结构,八空全部计分。
解析
(1) A set up=成立、搭建(a small repair group 是被「建立」的对象);set off 出发/引发、set out 动身/着手、set away 非惯用搭配。下文验证:后文「by autumn the group had…」说明这个组确实办起来了。(2) C turn over=把页翻过来/翻动(loose pages 需要轻翻);turn in 上交/就寝、turn back 折返、turn down 拒绝/调低,都与「不损伤书脊地处理散页」不合。
(3) A turned up=出现、到场(only six people 到场);turned off 关掉、turned away 拒之门外、turned into 变成,均不能与「人数后来增加」衔接。注意 (3) 与 (8) 都考 turn,但一个取「到场」、一个取「结果是」,正是同动词异小品词的对照。
(4) B throw away=丢弃(无法挽救的封面);throw off 摆脱/匆匆脱下、throw out of 后须接处所、throw into 投入,语义或结构都不合。回读验证:下一句说把旧柜子改作干燥柜,说明确实做了「取舍」。
(5) A turned (6) A into=turned an old cupboard into a drying cabinet(把……改造成……)。这里宾语是名词短语且较长,故放在动词与 into 之间,构成「动词+宾语+小品词」;(5) 若选 B made,则须写 made an old cupboard into… 才勉强成立,但 make A into B 侧重「把材料做成」,不如 turn A into B 的「改造旧物」贴切,且与前文「旧柜子改作他用」的语境不合;(6) 若选 B in、C onto、D out of,分别成「在柜子里」「到柜子上」「从柜子里出来」,语义全反。最常见的错是把 into 提到宾语前写成 turned into an old cupboard——意思变成「变成了一个旧柜子」,方向反了,正是命题点。
(7) A got through=完成、处理完(three hundred volumes);got off 下车/脱身、got away 逃走、got up 起床/起身。下文验证:By autumn…had… 需要「完成量」。
(8) A turned out=结果是、原来是(turned out to need… 后接不定式,固定用法)。末句「that was the lesson we kept」说明这是一个事后得出的发现,与 turned out 的「结果显现」完全对齐;turned up 到场/出现,不能接 to need。
全篇回读:成立小组 → 学翻页 → 六人到场后增多 → 丢弃破损封面 → 旧柜改作干燥柜 → 秋前修完三百册 → 结果发现更需耐心。动作链连贯,八空全部计分,无一处靠孤句猜出。
答案 (1) A set up (2) C turn over (3) A turned up (4) B throw away (5) A turned (6) A into (7) A got through (8) A turned out
采分点 八空各 1 分;每空写出「小品词方向义」1 分;(5)(6)合起来说明「动词+名词宾语+into」结构、以及 into 提前会语义反转 2 分;(3)与(8)同为 turn 却取不同义的对照说明 1 分;全篇动作链复述 1 分。
易错点 把 set up 写成 set off(只记「出发」,漏「成立」);把 turned up 与 turned out 对调;第(6)空选 in / onto / out of,或把 into 提到宾语前写成 turned into an old cupboard 造成语义反转;throw away 与 throw out 混用(后者常须接 of 短语);忽略末句「结果发现」的事后语气。
题2
题2 宾语位置改错与三组干扰辨析
(1) 改正下列两句(每句一处):① We had to turn down it because the cover was too brittle. ② Ms Iver set up it in a single afternoon.
(2) 辨析三组:a) turn out / turn up;b) set off / set out;c) get through / get over,各写一句能显出差别的自编例句。
解析
(1) ① We had to turn it down…(代词宾语 it 必须放在 turn 与 down 之间;turn down it 不合语法)。② Ms Iver set it up in a single afternoon.(同理,代词居中;若保留名词可写 set the group up 或 set up the group,两者都对)。规则一句话:代词必居中,名词两可。(2) a) turn out 强调「结果/真相显现」,turn up 强调「人或物出现、到场」:The repair turned out to be easier than we feared, yet only six volunteers turned up.
b) set off 指出发或引发,set out 指动身并常接 to do 表「着手」:We set off at dawn and set out to finish the catalogue before noon.
c) get through 指完成/用完/通过,get over 指克服、从…恢复:She got through two hundred pages but still could not get over her fear of tearing one.
三句都须在同一句里让两个短语各自显义,只背中文对应词不给满分。
答案 (1) ① turn it down;② set it up(或 set the group up / set up the group)。(2) 三组例句见上,须在同句中显出差别。
采分点 两句改错各 1 分;写出「代词必居中、名词两可」规则 2 分;三组辨析每组语义 1 分、例句能显差别 1 分;例句语法正确 1 分。
易错点 只把 it 挪到句尾写成 turn down the it;改 ② 时顺手把 set up 换成 set off;辨析写成中英对译表而没有语境;get over 误当「越过/翻过」的物理义;漏掉 set out to do 的搭配。
三、规律小结与对照表
| 小品词 | 方向义 | 自编例 | 易混 |
|---|---|---|---|
| up | 成立/出现/完成 | set up a group; turned up | 与 out(结果)混 |
| off | 离开/中断/引发 | set off at dawn; turned off | 与 out(着手)混 |
| out | 显露/耗尽/结果 | turned out to need… | 与 up(到场)混 |
| away | 去除/丢弃 | throw away the covers | 与 off(摆脱)混 |
| into | 进入/转化 | turned a cupboard into… | 宾语被吞则语义反转 |
| through | 贯穿/完成 | got through 300 volumes | 与 over(克服)混 |
| 宾语位置 | 代词必居中,名词两可 | turn it down ✓ / turn down it ✗ | 长名词短语宜居中 |
短语动词题的稳解不是背单词表,而是给小品词定方向:up 往上/成立、off 离开、out 显现、away 去除、into 转化、through 走完。方向定了,再用下文「后来发生了什么」回验,最后扫一眼宾语位置——代词居中这一条几乎每套卷都会考一次。本篇短文、人物、机构、数量与选项均为自编示意,不代表真实事件或统计。
四、自测清单
- □ 先定动词,再给小品词定「方向义」,不凭孤句语感;
- □ 回读下文验证结果(成立了吗、到场了吗、完成了吗);
- □ 同动词不同小品词(turn up / turn out)单独列出来对照;
- □ 检查宾语位置:代词必居中,名词两可,长名词宜居中;
- □ 遇到「动词+into」先看宾语有没有被吞,防方向反转;
- □ 全篇动作链复述一遍,连贯才算过关。