题目性质:自编仿真题——题目、材料、选项、数据与情境均为按课程标准与联招常见考点独立编写的原创仿真题,非真题原文,未取自任何题库、教辅或试卷;解析与采分点为教研整理,非官方评分标准。
一、考点定位与做题顺序
这类空的判断顺序是先看空格前后是不是同一件事:若后句只是把前句的术语换成更容易懂的话,是重述/定义;若后句把刚说的话改得更精确甚至推翻一点,是修正;若后句在指明「这个词指什么对象」,是指称。
四条硬规则:① that is (to say) / in other words / namely 引出同义重述,前后等价;② or rather / more precisely 是修正,后句比前句更准确;③ mean / refer to / be defined as / be known as 是给术语下定义或指明指称对象,主语常是术语而不是人(「The term refers to…」,不是「It means us to…」);④ be defined as + 名词/动名词,refer to + 名词,mean + 名词/从句,搭配不能互换。下面短文为自编示意文本,术语为自编示意概念。
二、逐题精讲
题1
题1 五空完形
自编科普短文:In our field notes we use the term "dwell time". It (1) the length of time a reader stays at one station, not the total time in the room. (2), a reader may spend an hour inside but only twelve minutes at a single desk. Strictly, the term should (3) "time at one station before the first move", (4) "time before leaving the room" — the two are easy to confuse. In the handbook, dwell time is (5) a station-level measure, and it is recorded in minutes.
(1) A. refers to B. means to C. is referred D. defines as
(2) A. In other words B. On the contrary C. In short D. For instance
(3) A. be defined as B. be meant C. refer D. define
(4) A. that is B. or rather C. namely D. in brief
(5) A. referred B. defined as C. meant to D. known
解析
先判功能:全篇都在给术语 dwell time「下定义、换说法、再修正」。(1) A. refers to。主语 It 指术语,「指的是读者在单个座位停留的时长」,用 refer to + 名词短语。means to 不合搭配(mean 后直接接宾语,不说 means to sth.);is referred 缺 to 且语态不对(术语是「指」的主体,不用被动);defines as 需被动 be defined as。
(2) A. In other words。「换句话说,一位读者可能在室内待一小时,但只在某一张桌前待十二分钟」——用具体情境把上一句的定义换个说法讲明白,属同义重述。On the contrary 是反义对照(后句并未否定前句);In short 是收束(此处不是段末);For instance 会引出「一个例子」,而这里是把定义具象化,用 in other words 更贴。这一空最见「重述 vs 举例」的分界。
(3) A. be defined as。「严格地说,这个术语应被定义为…」,should 后接被动 be defined as + 引号里的定义内容。refer 缺 to 且语态不对;define 主动语态会把「术语」当成下定义的主体(应是人下定义);be meant 不成搭配。
(4) B. or rather。前一句给了定义「在第一次移动之前停留在某一座位的时间」,后一句「在离开房间之前的时间」看起来相近,但作者用破折号说「两者容易混淆」——说明后一句是被排除的错误说法,or rather 在此承担「更确切地说/应当说(是前者而非后者)」的修正功能。that is / namely 是等价重述(会把错误定义当成同义),in brief 是收束,都不合。本题最细的一空:要根据「破折号后的提醒」判断这是修正而非重述。
(5) B. defined as。「在手册中,dwell time 被定义为一种座位层级的量」,is defined as + 名词短语,与 (3) 同一搭配但用一般现在时的被动。referred 缺 to;meant to 不接名词短语作补语;known 需 as。
整段回译:野外记录里我们用「停留时长」这个术语。它指的是读者在单个点位停留的时间,不是在房间里的总时长。换句话说,一个人可能在室内待一小时,却只在某张桌前待十二分钟。严格说,这个术语应被定义为「在第一次移动前停留在某一点位的时间」,而不是「离开房间前的时间」——这两者很容易混。手册中把停留时长定义为点位层级的量,以分钟记录。
答案 (1) A refers to (2) A In other words (3) A be defined as (4) B or rather (5) B defined as
采分点 每空 1 分(选对 0.5 分、写出功能或搭配依据 0.5 分);指出 (2) 是重述而非举例 1 分;指出 (4) 由破折号提醒判为修正 2 分;整段回译 1 分。
易错点 (1) 写成 means to(mean 不接 to);(2) 写成 For instance(把定义的具象化当举例);(3) 写成 define(术语不能作下定义主体);(4) 写成 that is(把被排除的错误说法当同义重述);(5) 写成 referred(漏 to)。
题2
题2 定义句改写与搭配辨析
把 mean / refer to / be defined as / in other words / or rather / be known as 六个表达各用一次,完成下列六句,并说明依据:
(a) "Dwell time" __ the time spent at one station.(指称对象)
(b) In the notes, the word __ "no movement between two readings".(等价释义)
(c) The quantity is __ the ratio of dwell time to total time.(正式定义)
(d) It is a station-level measure; __, it says nothing about the whole visit.(换说法展开)
(e) Twelve minutes — __ eleven minutes and forty seconds, after the log was corrected.(修正)
(f) This ratio is __ the "station index" in our handbook.(名称)
另:改错 The term is referred to the time at one station.
解析
(a) refers to:术语作主语,指明「指的是什么对象」,refer to + 名词。(b) means:主语是 the word,mean 后直接接宾语(引号里的释义),不加 to;与 (a) 的差别正是 refer to / mean 的搭配分界。
(c) defined as:is defined as + 名词短语,正式定义,与题1 (5) 同构。
(d) in other words:后句「它不说明整次访问」是把「点位层级的量」换一种说法展开,前后等价而非举例;句首副词用逗号隔开。
(e) or rather:破折号后给出更精确/更正后的数值(日志校正后由 12 分钟改为 11 分 40 秒),属修正,不属等价重述。
(f) known as:「这个比值在手册中被称作『点位指数』」,be known as + 名称,与 be defined as(给定义)区分:一个给名字,一个给内涵。
改错:refer to 表示「指的是」时不用被动;应改为 The term refers to the time at one station. 或保留被动但换动词 The term is defined as the time at one station. 要写出「is referred to 缺 to 且语态误用/refer to 作『指称』时主语即术语、不被动」这一依据,只加个 to 不算改对。
答案 (a) refers to (b) means (c) defined as (d) in other words (e) or rather (f) known as;改错:The term refers to…(或 is defined as…),refer to 作「指称」不用被动且需带 to。
采分点 六空各 1 分(填对+依据);mean 不加 to 1 分;known as 与 defined as 的区分 1 分;or rather 的修正依据 1 分;改错 1 分+依据 1 分。
易错点 (b) 写成 means to;(c) 写成 defined like;(d) 写成 for example;(e) 写成 that is(把修正后的数值当等价);(f) 写成 defined as(混淆名称与定义);改错只补 to 仍留被动。
三、规律小结与对照表
| 表达 | 功能 | 搭配 |
|---|---|---|
| refer to | 指明指称对象 | 主语常为术语;refer to + n.;不用被动 |
| mean | 等价释义 | mean + n./从句;不加 to |
| be defined as | 正式定义(给内涵) | be defined as + n./动名词 |
| be known as | 给名称 | be known as + 名称 |
| that is / in other words | 同义重述、换说法 | 句首常用逗号;前后等价 |
| or rather / more precisely | 修正、更精确 | 后句替换或收紧前句 |
| signal 判据 | 破折号/冒号/「容易混淆」提示修正 | 别把修正读成举例或重述 |
定义信号题只需问一句:后句和前句是等价、展开、修正,还是在给名字?等价用 that is / in other words,修正用 or rather,给内涵用 be defined as,给名称用 be known as,指称用 refer to、释义用 mean——搭配再一卡,五空基本就定了。本文短文、术语、选项与解析均为原创自编示意内容,术语为自编概念。
四、自测清单
- 先判前后是否同一件事:等价→重述;更精确/推翻→修正;给名字→known as
- 术语作主语时,指称用 refer to(不用被动),释义用 mean(不加 to)
- be defined as 给内涵,be known as 给名称,别互换
- 见破折号、冒号、「easy to confuse」等提示,优先想 or rather
- 句首连接副词(in other words / or rather)后加逗号
- 填完回译中文,检查「是同一个说法还是改了说法」