题目性质：自编仿真题——题目、材料、选项、数据与情境均为按课程标准与联招常见考点独立编写的原创仿真题，非真题原文，未取自任何题库、教辅或试卷；解析与采分点为教研整理，非官方评分标准。
一、考点定位与做题顺序
三步定关系词：① 找先行词（人 / 物 / 时间 / 地点 / 整句）→ ② 看从句缺什么（缺主语/宾语用关系代词；缺状语用关系副词 where/when/why 或「介词＋which」）→ ③ 看介词与逗号（介词提前只能接 which/whom，不接 that；有逗号的非限制性从句不用 that）。
三条硬规则：先行词是整个主句时用 which（He arrived late, which surprised us）；the way / the time 后接 that 或省略但不接 how；whose ＝ of which / of whom，表所属，后接名词。下面短文为自编示意文本，馆名、年份、册数均属虚构。
二、逐题精讲
题1
题1 六空完形（单选，每空 1 分）
自编短文：
The town reading room, (1) ______ walls still carry the 1998 shelf labels, was reopened last spring. Volunteers (2) ______ had copied the old cards came back, and the desk (3) ______ the ledgers were kept was moved to the north corner. The year (4) ______ the room closed is still debated: one clerk insists it was 1998, (5) ______ the others question. The catalogue, (6) ______ we had relied for years, was finally digitised, (7) ______ made the old index unnecessary.
(1) A. which B. whose C. that D. where
(2) A. which B. whom C. who D. whose
(3) A. which B. where C. when D. that
(4) A. when B. which C. where D. whose
(5) A. that B. what C. which D. it
(6) A. on which B. on that C. which D. that
(7) A. that B. what C. which D. it
补充判断：
甲：(3) 填 which 也成立，只要把 kept 后补上 in。 乙：(5) 与 (7) 都指前面整句，均只能用 which。 丙：(6) 不能用 on that，因介词后不接 that。 丁：(4) 填 when 与 in which 完全等价，可互换。
解析
答案序列：B / C / B / A / C / A / C。(1) B whose：从句 walls 与先行词 the town reading room 是所属关系（「它的墙」），用 whose＝of which；A which 后不能直接接名词 walls，C that 不表所属，D where 是副词不能修饰 walls。
(2) C who：先行词 Volunteers 指人，从句缺主语（___ had copied），用 who；B whom 只作宾语，A which 不指人，D whose 后须接名词。
(3) B where：先行词 the desk 是地点，从句 the ledgers were kept 结构完整、缺地点状语，用 where＝at/in which；A which 缺介词，C when 指时间，D that 不能单独作状语。
(4) A when：先行词 The year 是时间，从句 the room closed 缺时间状语，用 when＝in which；B which 需补介词，C where 指地点，D whose 表所属。
(5) C which：逗号后非限制性从句，先行词是前面整句「one clerk insists it was 1998」，只能用 which（「这一点，其他人质疑」）；A that 不能引导非限制性从句，B what 不引导定语从句，D it 会造成逗号连接两个独立句（comma splice）。
(6) A on which：固定搭配 rely on，介词 on 提前后只能接 which；B on that 违反「介词后不接 that」，C/D 丢了 on，从句变成「relied the catalogue」不成立。
(7) C which：先行词是整个主句「The catalogue…was finally digitised」，非限制性，用 which；A that 不可，B what 不引导定从，D it 同样造成逗号连句。
补充判断：甲错（(3) 若填 which，须写成 at/in which the ledgers were kept，即「介词+which」，不能只在 kept 后补 in 而把 which 光秃秃放前面；原空后直接是 the ledgers，没有介词位置）；乙对（(5)(7) 都是整句先行词＋非限制性，均只能 which）；丙对（介词提前时关系词只能是 which/whom）；丁对（when ＝ in which，在「the year」这类时间先行词下可互换，但注意 the year which we spent there 中 which 作 spent 的宾语，不能换 when——能否互换取决于从句缺状语还是缺宾语）。
答案 (1)B (2)C (3)B (4)A (5)C (6)A (7)C；补充判断：甲错、乙对、丙对、丁对（但须注明「从句缺状语时才可换」）。
采分点 七空各 1 分；whose 表所属 1 分；who 作主语、whom 只作宾语 1 分；where＝at/in which 1 分；when＝in which 1 分；整句先行词用 which 不用 that 1 分；介词后不接 that 1 分；rely on 的 on 不可丢 1 分；甲指出「介词+which」才成立 1 分；丁补「缺状语才可换」1 分。
易错点 把 whose 写成 which+名词；让 whom 作主语；把地点/时间先行词一律填 which；非限制性从句用 that；用 what/it 引导定语从句；介词后接 that；把 when 与 which 无条件互换。
题2
题2 改写、合并与「that 不能紧跟介词」
(1) 把 (6) 句改成介词不提前的写法（保留非限制性），再改成限制性写法，说明两版在关系词与逗号上的差别。(2) 把下面两句合并成一句含整句先行词的非限制性定语从句，并写出另一种错误合并，指出错因：
The old index was digitised. This made the paper cards unnecessary.
(3) 列出关系词矩阵：人/物/时间/地点/所属/整句六类各用哪些词，并写出两条「that 不可用」的场合。
解析
(1)· 介词不提前（非限制性）：The catalogue, which we had relied on for years, was finally digitised. —— 介词 on 留在从句末，关系词用 which（非限制性仍不用 that），逗号保留。
· 限制性写法：The catalogue that/which we had relied on for years was finally digitised. —— 去掉逗号，关系词可用 that 或 which（作 relied on 的宾语，也可省略：The catalogue we had relied on for years…）。
差别：① 逗号决定限制性；② 非限制性排除 that，限制性允许 that；③ 介词提前版 on which 中 on 不可再在从句末重复（不能写 on which…relied on）。
(2)
· 正确：The old index was digitised, which made the paper cards unnecessary.（which 指代前面整句，非限制性）
· 错误示例一：The old index was digitised, that made the paper cards unnecessary. —— 非限制性从句不用 that。
· 错误示例二：The old index was digitised, it made the paper cards unnecessary. —— 逗号连接两个独立分句，构成 comma splice，须改分号或加并列连词。
· 错误示例三：The old index was digitised, what made… —— what 不引导定语从句。
错因归纳：整句先行词需要既能指代整句、又能作从句主语的关系代词，只有 which 同时满足；that 受非限制性限制，it 不是关系词，what 不引导定从。
(3) 关系词矩阵：
· 人：who（主）/ whom（宾）/ that（限制性）；介词后用 whom；
· 物：which / that（限制性）；介词后用 which；
· 时间：when ＝ in/on/at which（从句缺状语时）；若缺宾语仍用 which/that；
· 地点：where ＝ in/at which（缺状语时）；缺宾语用 which/that；
· 所属：whose ＝ of which / of whom，后接名词；
· 整句：which（非限制性，不用 that / what / it）。
两条「that 不可用」：① 非限制性定语从句（有逗号）；② 介词提前时（in which / on which / with whom，不能写 in that）。补充一条易混：先行词为 the way 时可用 that / in which / 省略，但不用 how；这不是 that 的禁用场合，恰是它可省的场合。
答案 (1) 介词不提前：…, which we had relied on for years, …；限制性：The catalogue that/which we had relied on…（可省关系词）。(2) 正确：…, which made the paper cards unnecessary. 错误见上三类。(3) 矩阵见上；that 不可用于非限制性从句与介词提前结构。
采分点 介词不提前版正确 1 分；限制性版正确 1 分；三处差别各 1 分；正确合并句 1 分；三类错误各 1 分；错因归纳 1 分；六类关系词矩阵 2 分；两条 that 禁用场合 1 分；the way 补充 1 分。
易错点 介词提前后又在从句末重复 on；非限制性从句仍用 that；用 it/what 引导定从；把 when/where 无条件等价为 which；把 the way 后接 how 当正确；把 whose 写成 which+名词。
三、规律小结与对照表
| 先行词 | 从句缺 | 关系词 | 等价式 | 禁用 | 例 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 人 | 主语 | who | — | whom 不作主语 | Volunteers who had copied |
| 人 | 宾语 | whom/who/that | 介词+whom | 介词后不接 that | the clerk whom we met |
| 物 | 主语/宾语 | which/that | — | 非限制性不用 that | the catalogue that… |
| 时间 | 状语 | when | in/on which | 缺宾语时不可换 | the year when… |
| 地点 | 状语 | where | at/in which | 缺宾语时不可换 | the desk where… |
| 所属 | 定语(接名词) | whose | of which/of whom | which+名词不成立 | whose walls |
| 整句 | 主语 | which | — | that/what/it 均不可 | …, which surprised us |
| 介词提前 | 宾语 | on which / with whom | — | on that ✕ | on which we relied |
| 非限制性 | — | which/who/whom | — | that ✕ | …, which made… |
| the way | 状语 | that / in which / 省略 | — | how ✕ | the way that… |
定语从句只记三步：找先行词 → 看从句缺什么 → 看介词与逗号。缺状语用 where/when（＝介词+which），缺主宾用关系代词，所属用 whose；整句先行词、非限制性、介词提前这三种场合都把 that 排除，只留 which/whom。别忘了「when/where 能否换成 which」取决于从句缺状语还是缺宾语，不是无条件等价。馆志、年份与册数均为自编示意，不代表任何真实机构或记录。
四、自测清单
- □ 先圈先行词，判人/物/时间/地点/所属/整句；
- □ 再看从句缺主语、宾语还是状语；
- □ 缺状语才用 where/when＝介词+which；
- □ 介词提前只接 which/whom，不接 that 且不重复介词；
- □ 有逗号的非限制性从句不用 that；
- □ 整句先行词只用 which，避免 it/what 造成逗号连句。
